If you are like most people, you feel sluggish, a little dizzy, and weak. Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis. Complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars like glucose.
ATP Production H+ ions pass back across the mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase, causing the ATP synthase molecule to spin. Overall, the theoretical maximum yield of ATP made during the complete aerobic respiration of glucose is 38 molecules, with four being made by substrate-level phosphorylation and 34 being made by oxidative phosphorylation (Figure 8. Therefore, for each glucose molecule, 6 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP molecules, 8 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle.. Electron Transport NADH and FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain. This represents about 36 percent of the total energy of glucose. Also, 2 molecules of NADH are made. The electron transport system (ETS) is the last component involved in the process of cellular respiration; it comprises a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers (Figure 8. The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, the second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide. The cell lacks a sufficient amount of oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration. I tried my best to visually layout the metabolic pathways of Cellular Respiration for my AP Biology students. Learning Objectives. Chapter 9 Student Edition Full | PDF | Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis. Main points include: respiraton, what happens during respiration, mitochondria, the two stages of respiration, the respiration equation, comparing photosynthesis with respiration, fermentation, and the two types of fermentation. Smaller electrochemical gradients are generated from these electron transfer systems, so less ATP is formed through anaerobic respiration. Cellular Respiration: The Citric Acid Cycle (or Krebs Cycle). The remaining 64 percent is released as heat.
Explain the relationship between chemiosmosis and proton motive force. There pyruvate feeds into the next stage of respiration, which is called the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle). In aerobic respiration in mitochondria, the passage of electrons from one molecule of NADH generates enough proton motive force to make three ATP molecules by oxidative phosphorylation, whereas the passage of electrons from one molecule of FADH2 generates enough proton motive force to make only two ATP molecules. One possible alternative to aerobic respiration is anaerobic respiration, using an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Energy Extraction Citric acid is broken down into a 5-carbon compound and then a 4-carbon compound. In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor (i. e., the one having the most positive redox potential) at the end of the ETS is an oxygen molecule (O2) that becomes reduced to water (H2O) by the final ETS carrier. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key.com. Weakness is your body's way of telling you that your energy supplies are low. This 22 slide PowerPoint presentation covers 8 questions on the topic of cellular respiration. What are the functions of the proton motive force? Under aerobic conditions (i. e., oxygen is present), the pyruvate and NADH molecules made during glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria. However, it usually results in the production of 36 ATP molecules. The remaining 2 carbon atoms react to form acetyl-CoA. Cellular Respiration Summary. We have just discussed two pathways in glucose catabolism—glycolysis and the Krebs cycle—that generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
Can be used with Cornell notes. Two molecules of CO2 are released. Now that we have studied each stage of cellular respiration in detail, let's take another look at the equation that summarizes cellular respiration and see how various processes relate to it: 16 summarizes the theoretical maximum yields of ATP from various processes during the complete aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule. Energy Extraction Each molecule of glucose results in 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, which enter the Krebs cycle. These nutrients enter your cells and are converted into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP). In prokaryotic cells, H+ is pumped to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (called the periplasmic space in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria), and in eukaryotic cells, they are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key worksheet. Glycolysis does not require oxygen, so it can quickly supply energy to cells when oxygen is unavailable. You're Reading a Free Preview.
Beyond the use of the PMF to make ATP, as discussed in this chapter, the PMF can also be used to drive other energetically unfavorable processes, including nutrient transport and flagella rotation for motility. The tendency for movement in this way is much like water accumulated on one side of a dam, moving through the dam when opened. However, anaerobic respirers use altered ETS carriers encoded by their genomes, including distinct complexes for electron transfer to their final electron acceptors. Directions: Watch Cellular Processes: Electron Transport Chain and Cellular Processes: ATP Synthase to learn how electrons are passed through proteins in the electron transport chain and ATP is produced. Pages 12 to 22 are not shown in this preview. In reality, the total ATP yield is usually less, ranging from one to 34 ATP molecules, depending on whether the cell is using aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration; in eukaryotic cells, some energy is expended to transport intermediates from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, affecting ATP yield. 9.2 the process of cellular respiration answer key quizlet. Compare and contrast the differences between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. So each molecule of glucose results in two complete "turns" of the Krebs cycle. I made these as a resource for my students to use while studying and do not use them as guided notes during my instruction, however, I did include a fill-in-the-blanks version for any teacher who'd prefer that style. Lipids and proteins can be broken down into molecules that enter the Krebs cycle or glycolysis at one of several places. Most ATP, however, is generated during a separate process called oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs during cellular respiration.
Carbons are broken down and released as carbon dioxide while ATP is made and electrons are passed to electron carriers, NADH and FADH2. These electron transfers take place on the inner part of the cell membrane of prokaryotic cells or in specialized protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. This electron carrier, cytochrome oxidase, differs between bacterial types and can be used to differentiate closely related bacteria for diagnoses. Energy Totals In the presence of oxygen, the complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration could produce 38 ATP molecules. For a protein or chemical to accept electrons, it must have a more positive redox potential than the electron donor. Denitrifiers are important soil bacteria that use nitrate and nitrite as final electron acceptors, producing nitrogen gas (N2). Describe the function and location of ATP synthase in a prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cell. Directions: Watch The Citric Acid Cycle: An Overview to see how pyruvate is broken down during the citric acid cycle. For example, the gram-negative opportunist Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram-negative cholera-causing Vibrio cholerae use cytochrome c oxidase, which can be detected by the oxidase test, whereas other gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, like E. coli, are negative for this test because they produce different cytochrome oxidase types. In each transfer of an electron through the ETS, the electron loses energy, but with some transfers, the energy is stored as potential energy by using it to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane.